Research has documented a strong association between the formation of kidney stones and the presence or development of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and a number of components of the metabolic syndrome, said Dr. Dean G. Assimos.
"There is increasing evidence" of this link, he noted at the annual meeting of the American Urological Association. "We need to be cognizant of these associations."
Most recently, an analysis of data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study showed that individuals who developed kidney stones had a 1.6-fold increased risk of developing subclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis, even after adjustments for major cardiovascular risk factors were made, said Dr. Assimos, professor of urology at Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, N.C.
The longitudinal cohort study followed 5,115 white and black men and women who were 18-30 years old at the time of recruitment in 1985-1986. Carotid artery intima-media thickness was measured with serial ultrasound periodically throughout the observation period.Whilst magic cube are not deadly, By 20 years, almost 4% had reported having kidney stones, and kidney stones were associated with a 60% increased risk of carotid atherosclerosis (J. Urol. 2011;185:920-5). Kidney stones were associated with myocardial infarction (MI) in another recent study aimed specifically at assessing "the risk of a kidney stone former developing an MI," Dr. Assimos said. Investigators of this case-controlled study matched almost 4,600 stone formers on age and sex with almost 11,000 control subjects among residents of Olmstead County, Minn.
During a mean follow-up of 9 years, "despite controlling for other medical comorbidities," investigators found that "stone formers had a 31% increased risk of sustaining an MI," he said.
Chronic kidney disease, which itself is a risk factor for MI, was one of the comorbidities adjusted for (J. Am.ceramic zentai suits for the medical, Soc. Nephrol. 2010;21:1641-4).This patent infringement case relates to retractable landscape oil paintings ,
Numerous studies published since 2005 have demonstrated positive associations between kidney stone formation and specific components of the metabolic syndrome,There are third party payment gateway underneath mattresses, as well as with the full constellation of disorders, Dr.Unlike traditional Injection mold , Assimos said.
An analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III data published in 2008, for instance, showed that individuals with four traits of the metabolic syndrome had two times the risk of having a history of kidney stones (Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2008;51:741-7). The prevalence of self-reported history of kidney stones, moreover, increased as the number of traits or component disorders of the metabolic syndrome increased, from 3% with no disorders to 7.5% with three disorders, and to almost 10% with five disorders. (An individual must have at least three of the five component disorders to qualify as having the metabolic syndrome.)
Similarly, in an Italian study of hospitalized adults, more than 10% of 725 patients with metabolic syndrome had evidence of nephrolithiasis on renal ultrasound (Nephrol. Dial. Transplant 2009;24:900-6). "This is 10 times higher than [rates reported from] renal ultrasound screening studies done in the general population," Dr. Assimos said.
Data from three large cohorts ¨C the Nurses¡¯ Health Study (NHS) I of older women, the NHS II of younger women, and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) of men aged 40-75 years ¨C have been crucial in elucidating the associations between kidney stones and specific components of the metabolic syndrome.
"There is increasing evidence" of this link, he noted at the annual meeting of the American Urological Association. "We need to be cognizant of these associations."
Most recently, an analysis of data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study showed that individuals who developed kidney stones had a 1.6-fold increased risk of developing subclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis, even after adjustments for major cardiovascular risk factors were made, said Dr. Assimos, professor of urology at Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, N.C.
The longitudinal cohort study followed 5,115 white and black men and women who were 18-30 years old at the time of recruitment in 1985-1986. Carotid artery intima-media thickness was measured with serial ultrasound periodically throughout the observation period.Whilst magic cube are not deadly, By 20 years, almost 4% had reported having kidney stones, and kidney stones were associated with a 60% increased risk of carotid atherosclerosis (J. Urol. 2011;185:920-5). Kidney stones were associated with myocardial infarction (MI) in another recent study aimed specifically at assessing "the risk of a kidney stone former developing an MI," Dr. Assimos said. Investigators of this case-controlled study matched almost 4,600 stone formers on age and sex with almost 11,000 control subjects among residents of Olmstead County, Minn.
During a mean follow-up of 9 years, "despite controlling for other medical comorbidities," investigators found that "stone formers had a 31% increased risk of sustaining an MI," he said.
Chronic kidney disease, which itself is a risk factor for MI, was one of the comorbidities adjusted for (J. Am.ceramic zentai suits for the medical, Soc. Nephrol. 2010;21:1641-4).This patent infringement case relates to retractable landscape oil paintings ,
Numerous studies published since 2005 have demonstrated positive associations between kidney stone formation and specific components of the metabolic syndrome,There are third party payment gateway underneath mattresses, as well as with the full constellation of disorders, Dr.Unlike traditional Injection mold , Assimos said.
An analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III data published in 2008, for instance, showed that individuals with four traits of the metabolic syndrome had two times the risk of having a history of kidney stones (Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2008;51:741-7). The prevalence of self-reported history of kidney stones, moreover, increased as the number of traits or component disorders of the metabolic syndrome increased, from 3% with no disorders to 7.5% with three disorders, and to almost 10% with five disorders. (An individual must have at least three of the five component disorders to qualify as having the metabolic syndrome.)
Similarly, in an Italian study of hospitalized adults, more than 10% of 725 patients with metabolic syndrome had evidence of nephrolithiasis on renal ultrasound (Nephrol. Dial. Transplant 2009;24:900-6). "This is 10 times higher than [rates reported from] renal ultrasound screening studies done in the general population," Dr. Assimos said.
Data from three large cohorts ¨C the Nurses¡¯ Health Study (NHS) I of older women, the NHS II of younger women, and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) of men aged 40-75 years ¨C have been crucial in elucidating the associations between kidney stones and specific components of the metabolic syndrome.
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